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Sulfur is a common element found in coal. It is present in varying amounts depending on the type of coal and the location where it was mined. When coal is burned for energy, sulfur can be released into the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2). This can contribute to acid rain and air pollution, which can…
Determination of Chlorides in Water Scope This method is applicable to determination of chlorides in water and waste water Principles In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate the end point of the silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver chloride is precipitated before red silver chromate is formed. Interference Bromide. Iodide and…
Determination of Phosphate in water and waste water Scope This SOP is applicable for the determination of phosphate in water and waste water Principle In dilute orthophosphate solution, ammonium molybdate reacts under acid conditions to form a hetropoly acid, molybdo – phosphoric acid. In presence of vanadium, yellow vanadomolybdo – phosphoricacid is formed. The intensity…
SOP for Determination of Free residual Chlorine Scope This SOP is applicable for the determination of free residual Chlorine. Iodometric Method Interference Oxidized forms of manganese and other oxidizing agents interfere. Reducing agents, such as organic sulphides also interfere. Although the neutral titration minimizes the interfering effect of ferric and nitric ions, the acid titration…
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SOP for the determination of Sulphate Scope This SOP is applicable for the determination of sulphate in all type of water and waste water. Principle Sulphate ion is precipitated in hydrochloric acid medium with barium chloride in such a manner as to form barium Sulphate crystals of uniform size. The absorbance of barium Sulphate suspension…
SOP for Determination of Alkalinity Scope These methods are applicable to determine alkalinity in water and wastewater in the range of 10 to 500 mg/l alkalinity as CaCO3. Principle Alkalinity of water is the capacity of that water to accept protons. It may be defined as the quantitative capacity of an aqueous medium to react…
SOP for the determination of Total Hardness Scope These SOP is applicable for the determination of total hardness and calcium hardness in water. Principle of Total Hardness: This method is depends on ability of EDTA to form stable complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. When the dye Eriochrome black T (EBT) is added to a…
SOP for Determination of Total Suspended Solids Scope This method is for the determination of total suspended solid in water. Principle Non filterable residue is determined by passing the sample through a weighed filter and drying the filter at 103 – 105 deg c. OR 179 – 181 deg c. non filterable residue is calculated…
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SOP for Determination of Total Dissolved Solid Scope This method is applicable for the “determination Total dissolved solids” in water and waste water Principle The sample is filtered and the filtrate evaporated in a tared dish on steam-bath. The residue after evaporation is dried to constant mass at 103-105°C. Apparatus Glass fiber filter paper or…
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SOP for Determination of Conductivity Principle Direct determination, using an appropriate instrument, of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solution. The electrical conductivity is measure of the current conducted by ions present in the water and depends on a) The concentration of the ions b) The nature of the ions c) The temperature of the solution…
